Lead-acid batteries: Key changes over the years

Time：2025-03-08 11:23:14

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Lead-acid batteries from the early solution to the problem of electricity can not be stored, to promote the popularization of cars, and now under the pressure of environmental protection to complete the green transformation.

In 1859, French physicist Gaston Plante performed a seemingly simple but far-reaching experiment. He impregnated two pieces of pure lead separated by linen fabric into a glass bottle filled with sulfuric acid solution, and the world's first lead-acid battery was born. This invention is like lighting a light in the dark, providing a preliminary solution to the problem of power storage in the electrical age. At that time, the generator had come out, but the problem of efficient storage of electricity was like a high wall lying on the road to widespread use of electricity. The situation of "send and use, do not send and do not" makes the power supply extremely unstable, which seriously restricts the further development of electrical technology. The emergence of lead-acid batteries is like building a bridge on the "long river of time" of electricity, so that electric energy can cross the gap between the generation time and the consumption time, and realize the initial storage and deployment. Early lead-acid batteries were large, bulky, small and inefficient, but even so, in new communication facilities such as telegraph stations and early telephone switches, they became indispensable "power guardians" to ensure the stable operation of communication networks by virtue of their continuous power supply characteristics.

In the 20th century, the automobile industry flourished, which became the first major opportunity for change in the development of lead-acid batteries. The gradual transformation of the automobile from a novelty toy of the aristocratic class to a means of mass transportation has put forward an extremely urgent need for on-board power supplies. Scientists will focus on improving battery performance, and carry out in-depth research and improvement on plate materials and structures. By using the paste plate process, the amount of active substances attached is greatly increased, which is like injecting a strong power into the battery, significantly improving the charge and discharge capacity and cycle life of the battery. The Ford Model T is a direct beneficiary of this change, and the improved lead-acid battery makes the car start faster and run more stable, helping the car quickly enter thousands of households, and profoundly changing the social life and economic pattern. At this point, lead-acid batteries firmly occupy the position of the core components of the automotive electrical system, and their dominant position in the field of transportation has been established and has lasted for as long as one hundred years. According to relevant statistics, in the first half of the 20th century, more than 90% of automobiles used lead-acid batteries as starting and power supply, and its wide application can be seen.

During the Second World War, special military needs were like powerful thrusters, prompting the lead acid battery to usher in another major evolution. Military equipment such as tanks and submarines have extremely strict requirements for power supplies, which not only require compact volume, but also have efficient power supply capabilities. Engineers shoulder the heavy responsibility to carry out lightweight design while ensuring the basic performance of the battery. They have refined the battery structure, using thinner plates and new separator materials. This series of improvements has achieved remarkable results, successfully reducing the weight of the battery and increasing the energy density. On the battlefield, the submarine depends on these improved lead-acid batteries, can sneak under the water for a longer time, greatly enhancing the combat concealment and endurance; The tank's electrical equipment is supported by compact and efficient batteries, and the fire control and communication systems operate more reliably, providing a solid guarantee for the victory of the war. For example, in the Pacific War, U.S. submarines increased their mission duration by an average of 30% with improved lead-acid batteries, effectively expanding their operational scope and deterrence.

With the gradual awakening of global environmental awareness, lead-acid batteries are facing unprecedented severe challenges, but also ushered in a new opportunity for change. In the process of production and recovery of traditional lead-acid batteries, there is a hidden danger of lead pollution, which has attracted wide attention from all walks of life. In this context, the industry quickly started the road to green change. At the production stage, researchers are working hard to develop cleaner production processes to reduce lead emissions at source. Some enterprises use advanced automated production lines, combined with efficient waste gas and wastewater treatment systems, to minimize the risk of lead pollution. In the field of recycling, it is urgent to construct and improve the recycling system. Many enterprises have cooperated with scientific research institutions to develop advanced lead recovery technology and improve lead recovery rate. According to industry reports, the current lead recovery rate of lead-acid batteries has exceeded 90%, greatly reducing resource waste and environmental pollution. At the same time, in terms of internal battery technology improvement, by improving the electrolyte formula and using new additives, the battery charging and discharging efficiency is significantly improved, and energy consumption is reduced. Today, in the field of distributed energy storage such as solar energy and wind energy, new lead-acid batteries are once again revitalized with cost advantages and good stability. In some small solar power stations in remote areas, lead-acid batteries, as energy storage devices, ensure a stable supply of power, provide reliable energy support for the life and production of local residents, continue to write the power storage mission from the beginning of its birth, constantly adapt to the needs of The Times in changes, and continue to contribute to the development of human society.

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